Question 1

Microservices vs Monolithic Architecture?

Accepted Answer

### Monolithic
A single large codebase where all components are tightly coupled.
*   *Pros*: Simple to develop/deploy initially.
*   *Cons*: Single point of failure, hard to scale specific parts, technology lock-in.

### Microservices
An application structured as a collection of small, autonomous services.
*   *Pros*: Independent scaling, tech stack flexibility, fault isolation.
*   *Cons*: Complex to manage (DevOps heavy), distributed system challenges (network latency, data consistency).

Question 2

Docker vs Kubernetes?

Accepted Answer

They are complementary tools, not competitors.

*   **Docker**: A tool to create, run, and manage **containers** (packaging the app).
    *   *Role*: "The Shipping Container".
*   **Kubernetes (K8s)**: A tool to orchestrate and manage **many containers** across a cluster of servers.
    *   *Role*: "The Crane and Ship Captain" that manages the containers.

*Analogy*: You use Docker to pack your things into boxes. You use Kubernetes to load those boxes onto a ship and manage the fleet.

Question 3

What means CI/CD in DevOps?

Accepted Answer

**CI/CD** bridges the gap between development and operation activities and teams.

1.  **Continuous Integration (CI)**: Developers frequently merge their code changes into a central repository where automated builds and tests are run. (e.g., Jenkins, GitHub Actions).
2.  **Continuous Delivery (CD)**: The code changes are automatically prepared for a release to production.
3.  **Continuous Deployment (CD)**: Every change that passes all stages of your production pipeline is released to your customers automatically, with no human intervention.

Question 4

What is Blockchain and Proof of Work (PoW)?

Accepted Answer

**Blockchain** is a decentralized, distributed ledger that records the provenance of a digital asset.

**Proof of Work (PoW)** is a consensus mechanism used to validate transactions and create new blocks.
*   Miners compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles.
*   It requires massive computational power (energy intensive).
*   *Example*: Bitcoin.

Question 5

What is the CIA Triad in Cybersecurity?

Accepted Answer

The three pillars of information security:

1.  **Confidentiality**: Ensuring data is accessible only to those authorized to have access. (Encryption).
2.  **Integrity**: Ensuring data is accurate and has not been tampered with. (Hashing, Digital Signatures).
3.  **Availability**: Ensuring data is accessible to authorized users when needed. (Redundancy, DDoS protection).

Question 6

REST vs GraphQL - Key differences?

Accepted Answer

### REST (Representational State Transfer)
*   **Fixed Endpoints**: You hit `/users/1` and get a fixed JSON structure.
*   **Over-fetching/Under-fetching**: You might get more data than you need, or have to make multiple requests.

### GraphQL
*   **Single Endpoint**: You hit `/graphql`.
*   **Flexible Query**: Clients ask for exactly what they need.
    ```graphql
    query { user(id: 1) { name } }
    ```
*   **Strictly Typed Schema**.

Question 7

What is Web 3.0?

Accepted Answer

**Web 3.0** is the concept of the next generation of the web, focusing on **decentralization**, **blockchain technologies**, and **token-based economics**.

*   **Web 1.0**: Read-only (Static pages).
*   **Web 2.0**: Read-Write (Social Media, Centralized platforms like FB/Google).
*   **Web 3.0**: Read-Write-Own (Users own their data and identity via wallets).

Question 8

What is Edge Computing?

Accepted Answer

**Edge Computing** refers to processing data near the edge of the network, where the data is generated, instead of a centralized cloud.

*   *Why?* To reduce latency and bandwidth use.
*   *Example*: A self-driving car processes camera feeds instantly on-board rather than sending them to a server.

Question 9

What is Quantum Computing's 'Superposition'?

Accepted Answer

In classical computing, a bit is either 0 OR 1.

In **Quantum Computing**, a **Qubit** can exist in a state of **superposition**, representing both 0 AND 1 simultaneously.
*   This allows quantum computers to process a vast number of possibilities in parallel, solving specific problems exponentially faster than classical supercomputers.

Question 10

What is 'Infrastructure as Code' (IaC)?

Accepted Answer

**IaC** is the managing and provisioning of infrastructure through code files rather than through manual configuration.

*   *Tools*: Terraform, AWS CloudFormation, Ansible.
*   *Benefits*: Version control for infrastructure, consistency, reproducibility, and automation.

Modern Tech Topics

1Microservices vs Monolithic Architecture?

2Docker vs Kubernetes?

3What means CI/CD in DevOps?

4What is Blockchain and Proof of Work (PoW)?

5What is the CIA Triad in Cybersecurity?

6REST vs GraphQL - Key differences?

7What is Web 3.0?

8What is Edge Computing?

9What is Quantum Computing's 'Superposition'?

10What is 'Infrastructure as Code' (IaC)?